为什么要建设海绵城市？-7411威尼斯
发布时间：
2017-03-22
早在2013年12月召开的中央城镇化工作会议上，习近平总书记要求“建设自然积存、自然渗透、自然净化的海绵城市”。他指出，城市规划建设的每个细节都要考虑对自然的影响，更不要打破自然系统。为什么这么多城市缺水？一个重要原因是水泥地太多，把能够涵养水源的林地、草地、湖泊、湿地给占用了，切断了自然的水循环。雨水来了，只能当作污水排走，地下水越抽越少。解决城市缺水问题，必须顺应自然。比如，在提升城市排水系统
早在2013年12月召开的中央城镇化工作会议上，习近平总书记要求“建设自然积存、自然渗透、自然净化的海绵城市”。他指出，城市规划建设的每个细节都要考虑对自然的影响，更不要打破自然系统。为什么这么多城市缺水？一个重要原因是水泥地太多，把能够涵养水源的林地、草地、湖泊、湿地给占用了，切断了自然的水循环。雨水来了，只能当作污水排走，地下水越抽越少。解决城市缺水问题，必须顺应自然。比如，在提升城市排水系统时要优先考虑把有限的雨水留下来，优先考虑更多利用自然力量排水，建设自然积存、自然渗透、自然净化的“海绵城市”。许多城市提出生态城市口号，但思路却是大树进城、开山造地、人造景观、填湖填海等，这是破坏自然生态。
什么是“海绵城市”？海绵城市是指城市能够像海绵一样，在适应环境变化和应对自然灾害等方面具有良好的“弹性”，下雨时吸水、蓄水、渗水、净水，需要时将蓄存的水“释放”并加以利用。“海绵城市”简单来说就是将城市河流、湖泊和地下水系统的污染防治与生态修复结合起来，让城市像一块海绵一样，下大雨时就吸水，干旱时就把吸收的水再吐出来，以有效地防止出现城市水失衡。
其实，“海绵城市”既是一个新概念，也是一个一直以来都有的理念。现在所说的“海绵城市”，原来也被称之为“低影响开发”——在自然地上的房屋建筑，修房之前雨水径流量不发生太大变化。通过渗透、过滤、储存、蒸发和滞留等设施，让水文条件尽量不受到开发的影响。这一概念最早于20世纪90年代提出并应用，是一种新的雨水管理思想与技术体系。所以说，当城市内涝、水资源匮乏等大城市病愈发暴露的时候，管理水资源，使其回复自然循环的过程，已经势在必行。
为什么要建“海绵城市”呢？近年来，北京、广州、杭州等城市频繁遭遇强暴雨袭击，引发严重内涝，可以说是“逢雨必涝，遇涝则瘫”。2011年，“到武汉看海”成了流行词；2012年，北京“7·21”大雨让数十名市民失去生命……城市发生内涝，一方面是由于城市地下排水系统落后于城市建设，但从根源上说，是建设和建筑改变了地表径流量，增加了地下管网的负担。当地面径流量得到有效控制时，对地下管网的要求相应变低。尤其是对于改造难度较大的老旧城区而言，这能从根本上解决城市内涝问题。
传统的市政“雨水排的越多、越快、越顺畅”的模式，实际上忽略了雨水的循环利用。其实可以通过“渗、滞、蓄、净、用、排”，统筹解决城市内涝、雨水资源化利用等多个问题。经验表明，在正常的气候条件下，典型“海绵城市”可以截留80％以上的雨水。
建设“海绵城市”，归根结底是要恢复水在自然和城市中的正常循环。这需要保护好河塘沟渠湿地等城市内原有的自然水系，维持好自然水系的水文功能，合理建设一些公园、草坪和人工蓄水池等设施，在城市地面硬化中采用一些透水铺装材料，并增加城市绿地、植草沟、人工湿地等可透水地面。
对于“海绵城市”的建设，最关键的在于区域内的水生态系统的保护和修复。一般来说，区域内的大规模水源，主要用于重要生物栖息地、珍稀动植物保护区、自然遗产及景观资源分布区、水资源保护区等，其中可以对地表径流量产生重大影响的自然水系，原则上都可以被纳入水资源生态板块，加以识别和保护。
住建部不久前公布海绵城市试点名单，武汉、南宁、重庆等16座城市成为第一批试点，将进行为期3年的建设。试点城市公布后，与海绵城市相关的细化规划、设计、建设施工等工作则进入具体的实施阶段。各个试点城市也相继出台措施，对海绵城市予以资金支持。比如，武汉市计划投资102亿元打造海绵城市；南宁市也将投资近百亿元进行建设。
德国的雨水利用技术经过多年发展已经日渐成熟。目前德国的城市雨水利用方式主要有3种：
一是屋面雨水集蓄系统，收集的雨水经简单处理后，达到杂用水水质标准，主要用于家庭、公共场所和企业的非饮用水。
二是雨水截污与渗透系统。道路雨洪通过下水道排入沿途大型蓄水池或通过渗透补充地下水。德国城市街道雨洪管道口均设有截污挂篮，以拦截雨洪径流携带的污染物。城市地面使用可渗透地砖，以减小径流。行道树周围以疏松的树皮、木屑、碎石、镂空金属盖板覆盖。
三是生态小区雨水利用系统。小区沿着排水道修建可渗透浅沟，表面植有草皮，供雨水径流时下渗。超过渗透能力的雨水则进入雨洪池或人工湿地，作为水景或继续下渗。
美国的雨水资源管理以提高天然入渗能力为宗旨，最为显著的特色是对城市雨水资源管理和雨水径流污染控制实施“最佳管理方案”，通过工程和非工程措施相结合的方法，进行雨水的控制和处理，强调源头控制、自然与生态措施和非工程方法。
在城市雨水利用处理技术应用上，强调非工程的生态技术开发与综合运用。在城市雨水资源管理和雨水径流污染控制第二代“最佳管理方案 （bmp）”中强调与植物、绿地、水体等自然条件和景观结合的生态设计，如植被缓冲带、植物浅沟、湿地等，大量应用由屋顶蓄水或入渗池、井、草地、透水地面组成的地表回灌系统，以获得环境、生态、景观等多重效益。
日本对雨水利用实行补助金制度，各个地区和城市的补助政策不一。例如东京都墨田区1996年开始建立促进雨水利用补助金制度，对地下储雨装置、中型储雨装置和小型储雨装置给予一定的补助，水池每立方米补助40~120美元，雨水净化器补助1/3~2/3的设备价，以此促进雨水利用技术的应用以及雨水资源化。
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