打造“2.0” 实现建筑强国梦——全国人大代表建言建筑业转型升级-7411威尼斯
发布时间：
2017-03-15
推进建筑业改革发展，提高设计水平和工程质量。建筑业被写进今年政府工作报告，这是对“建筑业是国民经济的支柱产业”的最大肯定。 数据显示，多年来全社会50％以上的固定资产投资是通过建筑业形成生产能力或使用价值的。2016年，全国建筑业总产值19.35万亿元，增加值4.95万亿元，同比增长6.6%，占国内生产总值的6.66%。 毫无疑问，建筑业是国民经济支柱产业，是工业化、城镇化的先导产业和基础
推进建筑业改革发展，提高设计水平和工程质量。建筑业被写进今年政府工作报告，这是对“建筑业是国民经济的支柱产业”的最大肯定。
数据显示，多年来全社会50％以上的固定资产投资是通过建筑业形成生产能力或使用价值的。2016年，全国建筑业总产值19.35万亿元，增加值4.95万亿元，同比增长6.6%，占国内生产总值的6.66%。
毫无疑问，建筑业是国民经济支柱产业，是工业化、城镇化的先导产业和基础产业。特别是近年来，我国建筑业快速发展，建造能力不断提升，产业规模不断扩大，吸纳了大量农村转移劳动力，带动了大量关联产业，对经济社会发展、城乡建设和民生改善作出了重要贡献。
但在社会经济和科学技术不断发展、人民生产生活方式不断更新、工程质量技术要求不断提高的大背景下，传统建筑业业内的矛盾和问题日益凸显。日前国务院办公厅印发的《关于促进建筑业持续健康发展的意见》（以下简称《意见》）指出，建筑业仍然大而不强，监管体制机制不健全、工程建设组织方式落后、建筑设计水平有待提高、质量安全事故时有发生、市场违法违规行为较多、企业核心竞争力不强、工人技能素质偏低等问题较为突出。要解决上述问题，记者采访到的人大代表建议必须进一步加快产业升级，促进建筑业持续健康发展。为此，要做好《建筑法》的修订完善工作，要大力发展装配式建筑，还要尽早实现传统建筑生产方式的转型升级换“内容”。
修订完善《建筑法》
《意见》作为今后一段时间内建筑业改革发展的纲领性文件，确保其真正落地还需要一定的强制性手段。全国人大代表、陕西省住房城乡建设厅厅长杨冠军认为，尽快完善相关法制体系是首选。
《建筑法》是保障建筑业健康发展的根本大法，自颁布实施至今，建筑行业已经发生了深刻变化，而现行《建筑法》实际上是一部管理法，是管理施工单位、工程质量和施工安全的法律，没有体现出在市场经济条件下如何规范与工程建设相关各方主体行为这样的立法精神和原则，明显滞后于社会的发展、行业的发展。
根据《意见》提出的“全面落实各方主体的工程质量责任，特别要强化建设单位的首要责任和勘察、设计、施工单位的主体责任”的要求，杨冠军建议，以立法的形式确立建筑工程质量事故终身追责制度，将《建筑法》第五条第一款修改为：“建设、勘察、设计、施工、监理等单位及项目负责人在从事建筑活动时，应当遵守法律、法规、国家建筑工程安全标准，确保建筑工程质量和安全，不得损害社会公共利益和他人的合法权益。在工程设计使用年限内，建设、勘察、设计、施工、监理单等位及项目负责人对工程质量安全终身负责”。
按照“优化建筑市场环境，规范工程价款结算”的要求，杨冠军建议进一步细化《建筑法》第八条第七款，将“建设资金已经落实”修改为：“财政性投资建设工程具有财政部门出具的投资和拨款证明；房地产开发建设工程的具有担保机构或企业出具的工程款支付担保；其他投资建设工程具有投资人的出资证明或银行出具的资金额度到位证明”。此外，在第八条再增加一款——“建设单位此前已竣工的建设工程，没有拖欠工程款”。
杨冠军强调，《建筑法》的修订应遵循规范市场秩序、优化市场发展环境的宗旨。
大力发展装配式建筑
如果说，完善法制是夯实建筑业赖以生存的根基，那么坚持转型升级就是促进建筑业健康发展的持续动力。转型升级的重要内容之一就是发展装配式建筑。
住房城乡建设部副部长易军指出，要以创新驱动引领，推动建筑业传统生产方式的升级改造。去年9月14日召开的国务院常务会议决定大力发展装配式建筑。《中共中央 国务院关于进一步加强城市规划建设管理工作的若干意见》提出，我国将力争用10年左右时间，使装配式建筑占新建建筑的比例达到30％……从而使装配式建筑在全国呈现出“以点带面”、“遍地开花”的良好局面。“但目前装配式建筑占新建筑的比例并不高，更须警惕的是现行建筑体制和机制中，有一些并不利于装配式建筑快速发展。”全国人大代表、春风实业集团董事局主席兼总裁曹宝华说。“这主要与几个因素有关，如项目报批、报建、工程验收等环节花费人力和时间明显多于传统建筑；因为土建、装修一体化，受现行验收制度影响，难以发挥装配式建造速度快的优势，影响整体集成能力；各级政府推出的激励政策过于宏观和笼统，实施流程、审批责权、具体办理时间周期规定得不是很清晰；推广措施少，缺乏明确的资金扶持政策；缺乏统一的国家装配式技术标准体系等。”
根据国务院倡导的“放管服”原则，他建议建立装配式建筑优先发展机制、加大装配式建筑扶持力度、把装配式建筑产业纳入国家战略新兴产业范畴。在棚户区改造、保障性安居工程建设、美丽乡村建设、地下综合管廊、海绵城市基础设施等政府投资项目，应优先安排采用装配式建筑产品，形成政府引导、市场主导的装配式建筑产业化菜单，变建筑企业“锅找米”为政府“米等锅”。
针对发展装配式建筑的需求，很多地方正在建立职业技术培训长效机制。全国人大代表、四川省住房城乡建设厅厅长何健介绍说，除通过由政府牵头、政企合作方式成立培训机构的模式外，四川省还鼓励院校和职业培训机构改进教学模式和教学内容，加快培养发展装配式建筑的管理人才、专业技术人才和产业工人队伍，为发展装配式建筑提供有力的人才保障。
转型升级换“内容”
我国传统建筑生产方式普遍存在着资源能耗高、环境污染严重、人员劳动强度大、工程质量和安全无法有效保障等问题，在大力发展装配式建筑的同时，还应从改变“内容”着手，变革传统建筑生产方式以及考核指标。
我国的建筑业考核指标主要包括规模、利润、人均效率等等，更强调经济体量的大和强，并没有把产业转型升级的很多“参数”作为考核指标，如：企业核心竞争力、整合资源和精细化管理的能力等。“这些内容在现有的考核体系中尽管都有所要求，但考核力度相对较弱。”全国人大代表、江苏省住房城乡建设厅厅长周岚说。她建议，在顶层设计中加入相应内容，并在全国范围内推广落实。
建筑业产业升级的内容必须与当前以及未来的发展趋势充分结合。除积极研究提升装配式建筑的自主设计、制造、施工能力外，建筑业还应在海绵城市建设、城市地下综合管廊建设等领域有所突破。
“其实，随着工程总承包模式的深入推进以及与‘一带一路’战略紧密结合，建筑业由大到强的概念和内容都已发生了变化， 该把1.0版升级到2.0版了。”周岚热切地说。
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