建筑垃圾利用的“河南实践”-7411威尼斯
发布时间：
2017-05-25
据统计，每处理100万吨建筑垃圾，可产生混凝土标砖3.75亿块，节约天然砂石原料80万吨，节约土地占用450亩，节约燃煤3.75万吨，减少二氧化碳排放10.75万吨，减少二氧化硫排放900吨。2015年，内陆大省河南被确定为全国两个建筑垃圾管理和资源化利用“试点省”之一
据统计，每处理100万吨建筑垃圾，可产生混凝土标砖3.75亿块，节约天然砂石原料80万吨，节约土地占用450亩，节约燃煤3.75万吨，减少二氧化碳排放10.75万吨，减少二氧化硫排放900吨。2015年，内陆大省河南被确定为全国两个建筑垃圾管理和资源化利用“试点省”之一，持续探索建筑垃圾管理和资源化利用——
在破碎机的轰鸣声中，一堆堆建筑垃圾经过粉碎，进入处理流水线进行筛分、拌和、挤压、蒸养，然后被压制成各种形状的免烧透水砖……5月16日，在河南盛天环保再生资源利用有限公司荥阳生产基地，前来参加全省建筑垃圾管理和资源化利用工作推进会的代表们看到上述“化腐朽为神奇”的一幕。
资源化利用是解决城市建筑垃圾问题的唯一途径，河南盛天环保再生资源利用有限公司只是我省建筑垃圾资源化利用的一个缩影。今年，省委、省政府将建筑垃圾管理和资源化设施处置能力纳入十件民生实事重点推进，确定了新增资源化处置能力1000万吨目标。
大气污染防治高压下已无退路
十八大以来，生态文明建设贯穿政治、经济、文化以及社会生活的各个领域，生态、绿色、循环发展成为各行业转型升级的检验标准。从4月26日环保部门关于大气污染源解析显示，扬尘污染源所占比例较高，分析人士认为，全省各地正在施工的项目众多，对产生的建筑垃圾管控不力、运输不当易对大气造成污染。
记者进一步了解到，我省郑州、开封及豫北5个市被纳入京津冀大气污染传输通道，环境保护部会同京津冀及周边地区大气污染防治协作小组及有关单位制定《京津冀及周边地区2017年大气污染防治工作方案》，确定了更加严厉的治污标准及问责机制。“在生态文明建设的大力推动下，在大气扬尘整治的高压下，我们已无退路。”省住房城乡建设厅党组成员、副厅长巩魁生在推进会上掷地有声。
与此同时，全省建筑垃圾高位攀升，现状令人堪忧。仅2016年，我省新增建筑垃圾量达到1.05亿吨。随着国家促进中部地区崛起规划、中原城市群规划相继出台，我省围绕百城建设提质工程、郑州国家中心城市等重点建设，新型城镇化持续发力，支撑我省基础建设长期发展的动力仍将增强，大批城市基础设施陆续开工，随之产生的建筑垃圾持续攀升。
“这些建筑垃圾如不及时处置，将严重危及城市生态发展。”巩魁生表示，规范管理、促进资源化利用已势在必行。
建筑垃圾资源化利用“三部曲”
梳理我省建筑垃圾管理和资源化利用，大致可以分为三个阶段。
第一阶段，自然消化平衡阶段。2005年以前，全省各地建筑垃圾产量不大，加之河南大部分地方处在丘陵地带，沟壑较多，建筑垃圾基本能达到自然消化平衡。
第二阶段，自发管理处置阶段。2006年至2013年，随着我省基础设施和房屋建设步伐加快，建筑垃圾产量日益增多，部分平原城市出现了“围城”、“堆山”、“填河”的现象，许昌、漯河等管理意识较强的城市开始着手建筑垃圾管理和资源化利用探索工作。到2013年，“许昌经验”获得住房城乡建设部、环保部、科技部的认可。
第三阶段，全面规范管理、快速发展阶段。2014年，我省首次在许昌召开建筑垃圾现场会，推广许昌经验，要求各地加强建筑垃圾规范管理；2015年，住建部将我省列为建筑垃圾资源化利用“试点省”，我省着手顶层设计，全面发动，省政府出台《关于城市建筑垃圾管理促进资源化利用的意见》，省住房城乡建设厅下发《河南省建筑垃圾管理促进资源化利用的试点省实施方案》，我省建筑垃圾资源化利用进入规范管理、快速发展阶段。
“通过梳理我省建筑垃圾发展历程，可以看到不同时期建筑垃圾管理和处置方式不同，重点也不同，在我省加强建筑垃圾管理，全面推进资源化利用已达成共识，成效初见。”省住房城乡建设厅墙改处处长常庆生这样对记者说。
来自省住房城乡建设厅的一组数据印证了常庆生的观点。截至4月底，全省核准清运公司120家，核准清运车辆6272台，逐步建成了专业、规范的建筑垃圾清运队伍，并且已建立建筑垃圾资源化利用项目（企业）35个，建筑垃圾年资源化能力达4660多万吨，消纳场（点）50个，消纳场面积达6616亩。
资源化利用能力有待提升
公开数据表明，2016年，我省建筑垃圾直接使用和再生处置的利用有4818万吨，资源化利用率为45.79%，圆满完成省政府确定资源化率40%的目标。但不容忽视的是，我省去年产生的建筑垃圾仍然有一半多没有得到资源化再利用。
“多年来，部分城市建筑垃圾管理粗放，处置设施欠账太多，没有纳入城市基础设施统筹规划，落地难。”省住房城乡建设厅专家说，加之受“邻避效应”影响，建筑垃圾资源化利用设施迟迟难以落地。
“建筑垃圾项目投资密度小，经济效益差。”记者在各地采访时也听到了这样的声音。部分城市领导对资源化利用重视不够，主观上不积极不主动。部分城市虽然建成了资源化利用设施，但是政府未能履行监管职责，没有严格执行特许经营协议，资源化设施处于闲置或半停运状态。
“监管不力是建筑资源化利用缓慢的一个重要因素。”记者从推进会上了解到，平顶山、三门峡、商丘、焦作等市的特许经营企业基本没有运行，鹤壁、新乡等市的资源化企业也处于时停时运的亏损状态。
此外，由于部分市县政府尚未制定再生产品应用的扶持政策，没有将再生产品纳入政府绿色建材采购目录，没有在政府投资或主导的项目中率先使用再生产品，优惠政策未落实，再生产品缺乏市场竞争力，推广应用困难重重。
目标既定仍需再加一把力
根据我省绘出的路线图，今年我省建筑垃圾资源化处理的主要目标是合理布局建设建筑垃圾消纳场及资源化利用设施，全省新增资源化处置能力1000万吨，省辖市和省管县（市）资源化利用率分别达到50%、40%。同时完成第一批试点市（县）验收，通过住房城乡建设部“试点省”验收。
根据各地建筑垃圾产量、资源化能力及资源化率的现状，我省将新增1000万吨资源化能力的目标分解到郑州、洛阳等7个市。“今年，我省将以资源化设施能力建设、消纳场建设、清运及闭合管理为重点，下决心啃硬骨头，集中力量打歼灭战。”巩魁生表示。
据了解，对于已经建成资源化处置设施的市县，我省要求强化管理，履行职责，确保处置设施的运营效能。对于尚未建立处置设施或处置设施与建筑垃圾增量不匹配的，要预测城市垃圾产量和资源化利用的主要方向，采取集中和分散相结合的办法，建立完善建筑垃圾处置和资源化利用设施。
再生产品的推广使用是建筑垃圾变废为宝、发挥“城市矿产”作用的最终体现。省内一些建筑垃圾资源化利用企业纷纷认为，再生产品推广和应用，关键在政策、制度、标准、市场环境及产品性能，要努力破解应用“最后一公里”难题。
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