为施工企业营商创造好环境-7411威尼斯
发布时间：
2019-07-22
建筑施工企业是推动我国经济发展的重要动力源之一，这一点不容置疑。近年来，党中央、国务院和各级地方政府从有利于施工企业经营环境出发，在政策支持、招投标管理、资质管理、降低税率等方面采取了一些积极措施，为施工企业的良性发展创造了条件。但是从目前看，一些举措办法还不够，施工企业面临的一些具体问题还需要进一步加以解决，突出表现有六个方面：
一是最低价中标问题。工程项目最低价中标本身就是不合理、不科学的畸形管理形态，也是市场竞争不平衡的表现，不仅对施工企业发展不利，而且对工程质量也带来隐患。近几年一些地方进行了调整改变，有所变化，但变化幅度和深度不够，有的调整为“中位值”招标，从形态上看是变了，但实质依然是变相的“最低价中标”，这从根本起点上就给施工企业造成基本亏损，不利于施工企业的长足发展，这一突出问题需要加以改变，还工程项目一个合理的价位，“合理的价买合理的产品”，保证施工企业的基本生存利润和竞争条件。
二是无底线压缩工期问题。一项工程的合理工期不仅是安全质量的保证，也是施工企业有效管控现场、实现均衡施工的保证，是有科学依据和施工规律做支撑的。但是纵观现在一些工程项目，有的业主从尽快实现回报收益出发，无底线要求施工企业加快工期、无限制缩短时间，这都影响到施工企业正常的按照设计和施工工序所开展的部署安排，也加大了工程过程直接和间接成本投入，带来施工企业隐形的负担成本。
三是过程变更增加费用问题。由于勘察、设计深度以及业主临时改变思路等原因，工程项目建设施工中往往出现漏项设计、过程不合理调整设计和由于需要增加设计项目等情况。而现在一些招投标采取“费用总包干”，就是工程施工过程中各种变更也好、漏项也罢或者业主要求抬高设计标准也罢带来的增加的项目、变更的设计，所需要的增加费用投入都在“合同总价内”，由此产生的费用均由施工企业自己承担，这也增加了施工企业的成本，有苦叫不出，工程项目变更费用需要一个明确的界定。
四是物资价格市场波动价差问题。现行工程项目招投标预算物资单位价都是以所在地已发生的信息价做参考依据，编制预算，而现实中施工企业中标项目实现开工往往是后发的，有的还滞后很长时间，这时候市场已随着社会发展发生变化，物资价格就会出现变动，往往以增长居多，尤其近几年砂石料都是成倍涨，就是很典型的例子。而现今多数工程项目承包合同中对物资价差没有约定，有的约定也仅仅是确定涨幅达到一定基数上限才给予级差调整，这对施工企业不合理，施工企业承担物资增长风险，也给企业成本带来巨大的亏损，是不合理的实际现实。
五是现场标准化投入成本问题。现在多数项目业主都从加强环保治理、绿色文明施工等出发，要求施工企业现场和驻地推行标准化、规范化，近几年尤为表现突出。对施工企业来说，标准化建设就是需要物资、财力和人力直接投入的，有的还是一笔不小的费用。在这方面有的写入承包合同中，在预算中设定了这笔费用，但目前多数承包合同中没有约定，没有增设这笔费用，这也意味着施工企业为了满足业主的需求要额外掏钱，去建设标准化，这对施工企业来说也是不合理的增项，需要加以改变。
六是尾款索要周期长难度大问题。现在诸多工程项目在实施过程中，项目业主高标准严要求工程进度、安全质量、保障达到预期工程交付时间，这也是双方共同的目标。然而，工程一旦实现交付时间，根据合同约定，施工单位要求进行工程结算，而此时业主多以资料手续不全、工程质量有瑕疵等为借口延缓结算成立，以达到拖延付款目的。结算不成立就意味着无法支付余额款项，从而导致施工企业效益损失，现金流枯竭，经济纠纷等不断出现，极大地影响了施工企业正常运行。虽然国家层面多次出台法律法规，但在执行层面上依然较难推进。
企业实践告诉我们，充满竞争性的施工企业良性发展的基石是效益，有效益能盈利企业才能行稳致远。但当前施工企业面临的以上六个方面问题都涉及到经营成本，影响着企业的效益和有序管理，这既有市场环境的变化原因，也有制度设计不规范存在的老问题。要解决这些问题，一方面需要各级组织从营造企业市场竞争环境、实现有序管理等方面加以理顺帮助，为施工企业营商创造优质环境，提供平台支撑和基础保障。另一方面施工企业自身也要积极深化改革，勇于变革，练好内功，压减成本，增强企业市场竞争力，从而实现和保持企业的良性发展，在推动新时代经济发展中作出更大的贡献。
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