施工企业会不会“吃独食” ？设计企业很“吃亏”！-7411威尼斯
发布时间：
2020-03-16
房建、市政工程总承包管理办法从3月1日起开始施行，备受关注的相关资质申请，有什么具体的说法？3月5日，住建部在7411威尼斯官网发出《房屋建筑和市政基础设施项目工程总承包管理办法有关常用问题的答疑》（以下简称答疑），给予了明确。
去年底，住建部、国家发展改革委联合印发《房屋建筑和市政基础设施项目工程总承包管理办法》，自今年3月1日起施行。该《办法》明确规定，工程总承包单位应当同时具有与工程规模相适应的工程设计资质和施工资质，或者由具有相应资质的设计单位和施工单位组成联合体。为了促进设计与施工融合，培育具有工程总承包能力的企业，鼓励设计单位申请取得施工资质， 鼓励施工单位申请取得工程设计资质。已取得工程设计综合资质、行业甲级资质、建筑工程专业甲级资质的单位，可以直接申请相应类别施工总承包一级资质，具有一级及以上施工总承包资质的单位可以直接申请相应类别的工程设计甲级资质，完成的相应规模工程总承包业绩可以作为设计、施工业绩申报。
由于实施时间紧迫，再加上完全未曾预料到的疫情，可能在3月1日之前企业基本上并未有行动。对于企业关注的如何“互申”的具体问题，管理部门也是到3月5日才给出了一个“答疑”，相比管理办法中的内容，信息量并未增加太多，最大的亮点是以联合体形式完成的业绩可以作为相应的业绩，不过实际操作中依然会有一些问题需要明确。
答疑的核心是管理办法中所言的两点：一是“直接申报”，可以免予从低等级开始而申报相对应高级别的资质，二是对于业绩认定的放宽，此外给出了设计与施工资质的对应。
从答疑来看，需要说明的一是施工总承包特级资质与设计综合资质并没有得到其级别应有的待遇，不能相互直接申请对方资质。二是可以明确否定的是关于“互认”的说法。在之前有不少人提到设计、施工资质“互认”的说法，给企业以误导， 以为设计甲级=总承包一级，反之亦成立，但其实最多也就是可以直接“互申”而已。因为是否申请成功要“按相应标准条件考核”，必须满足相应的资质标准要求。
申报资质最重要的条件一是业绩，二是人员。下面来看看难度在哪里。
设计资质的申请
根据2007版《工程设计资质标准》的要求，建筑行业甲对于人员的要求是34个具有一级注册或高级职称的专业人员，而建筑工程专业甲是21个人，市政行业甲是56人，有11个专业资质，人员要求各不同。在业绩方面建成的每个设计类型大型项目1项（建筑工程是单体建筑2万平方米或建筑高度大于50米）或中型项目2项。标准中特别明确“具有施工总承包特级资质的企业可以取得相应行业的设计甲级资质。”
一级施工企业要申请甲级设计资质首先要专业人员配备齐全，而业绩可以由自主完成的或涵盖工程设计业务的工程总承包业绩替代。这里对于“涵盖工程设计业务”需要给予明确：哪些项目属于“涵盖工程设计业务的工程总承包”？其中设计的工作量、深度、范围、专业如何确定？施工企业在工程中很多大项目都会有深化设计，算不算？
承包资质的申请
根据2014版《建筑业企业资质标准》和2016年住建部《关于简化建筑业企业资质标准部分指标的通知》， 对于申请一级资质并无注册建造师、中级以上职称人员、持有岗位证书的现场管理人员和技术工人的要求，最核心的要求是净资产1亿元以上以及相应的工程业绩：建筑工程是高100米以上的超高层、单体建筑面积12万平方米（2007版标准是50米和3万平方米）的工业或民用建筑的施工或总包， 即便真的没有人员要求， 即便是大型的设计机构也很难具备这个业绩，那么以联合体形式完成的相应规模工程总承包业绩就很关键。在此对于“联合体”以及在联合体中承担的工作量和角色也许就需要有明确界定。
思考与分析
这个顺便回答一个问题，管理办法出台后，有不少人关注是否所有的工程总承包都需要双资质？这个文件的权限仅仅是房屋建筑和市政工程，因此其他行业和类型的项目并无此要求。
先给出一些数字来比较设计与施工企业在数量上的差别：全国共有施工企业约8万家，施工总承包特、一级资质企业约7000多家，其中特级资质约占十分之一近700家。全国共有设计企业约2万多家，设计综合资质共有约80家，甲级行业资质约有3800家。截止2018年9月，全国一级建造师初始注册人数33.6万人，一级注册建筑师约3万人。目前的现实情况是企业数量供求也许相当，但至少没有明显的缺口，而注册人员则求远大于供。
这里不得不提，《工程设计资质标准》起效的依然是2007版本，这几年多次征求意见至今未见新版本出台，13年前的标准，以今天企业的实力来论其难度小很多，而施工业绩则在简化人员指标后有很大幅度的提升，所以设计企业很“吃亏”。再者，700家的施工特级资质的企业早已经具备了甲级资质标准， 可以直接上手， 即便那些一级资质企业都申请不到，也还有700家超级企业可以直接承担总承包业务。应了那句“机会永远属于有准备的人”，无论是被动还是主动，似乎早就布局好把机会留给承包企业。
而反观设计院，也就是近两年才开始发展总承包业务，业绩屈指可数，虽然资质申请没有人员的要求，但如果承接项目，对必须具备的持证上岗人员的硬性指标数量，特别是建造师、“八大员”、项目经理、现场管理人员等都有较高的要求，与施工企业同台竞争难以体现优势。
所以结论是：设计企业在近期工程总承包业务方面较为可行和现实的途径依然是“联合体”，而且需要一是业主关系硬，二是对设计方面有较高的要求，否则特级施工企业就自己“吃独食”了。
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