疫情面前，中国建筑业怎么办-7411威尼斯
发布时间：
2020-03-02
来势凶猛的新冠肺炎疫情，牵动着亿万国人的心，对经济发展也颇有影响。作为国民经济支柱产业之一的建筑业，不仅不可能独善其身，更对疫情防控与生产经营肩负着极为重要的责任与使命。一面是仍在肆虐的疫情，一面是亟待重回正轨的企业，建筑业该怎么办？
这是行业的一场“大考” 充分表明高质量发展是必然路径。
“如果说本次疫情对我国建筑业的影响，在短期内主要是负面的话，那么长期来看，在建筑业发展动力依然强劲的背景下，疫情将有助于推动建筑业高质量发展，其对建筑业的影响在结果上则主要是正面的。”国家应急管理部有关专家接受本报专访时表示。
这位专家长期关注研究中国建筑业，特别是各种应急事件之下的建筑业。他分析称，总体来说，我国建筑业的发展动力在于我国城镇化的持续发展、大规模的基础设施建设和人民对美好生活的向往。从这个角度来说，疫情的短期冲击和负面影响是阶段性的、暂时性的，绝对不会改变我国经济稳中向好、长期向好的基本趋势，也绝对不会改变建筑业持续健康发展的基本态势。
他认为，本次疫情给社会经济发展、社会生活、社会治理方面带来了极大的影响。与建筑业相关的影响，主要集中在以下方面。从社会发展方面来看，中国社会现代化对政府职能的要求高，政府公共管理职能及其结构的发展壮大是必然方向，因此为更好地发挥政府的公共管理职能，后续必定会加强交通、水利、医疗等基础设施方面的建设，以防御地震、瘟疫、洪水等自然灾害。从全民理念方面看，本次疫情必定会提升全民的卫生习惯，提升全民对健康的需求、对生命的尊重。社会公众对自身安全包括生活环境、工作场所安全的要求会上一个大台阶。从社会治理方面看，本次疫情防控期间，人们更多期望政府能够承担责任，采取果断措施，整合各方面资源应对危机。疫情过后，政府及各行业相关部门对信息公开、社会公信力将更为看重，也将更加坚决地杜绝垄断公共信息、暗箱操作、秘密决策等行为。
基于以上分析，专家表示，这些影响将给建筑业的发展和转变带来一些思考和提示。一是建筑业的发展必定是高质量发展。本次疫情防控期间火神山、雷神山等“小汤山”医院建设中所体现的“中国速度”，就是建筑业高质量发展交出的完美答卷。今后，建筑业要更加坚定地走创新之路、信息化之路、产品高质量之路、装配化之路，以推动建筑业的进一步高质量发展。建筑业企业不仅要做大还要做强，不仅要生存发展还要履行社会责任，以更好地符合社会公共管理的需要。二是要坚决杜绝生产安全事故。当前整个建筑行业生产安全事故仍然高发。随着疫情过后民众安全意识的提高，对死亡事故的零容忍，客观上要求建筑业全行业一定要牢固树立生命至上、以人为本的意识，切实做好施工现场安全防护，尊重和保护好每一个生命。三是要提高行业和企业科学化管理水平。在疫情防控过程中，部分地区政府部门的信息公开、社会公信力受到社会舆情和公众的拷问。疫情过后，政府相关部门必定会严格规范信息公开、加强监督执法。建筑市场监管也会更加规范，质量与安全执法会更加严格，以进一步提高社会公信力。这就会倒逼建筑业企业提升自身的科学化管理和精细化管理水平，以适应更加严格的监管。最终的结果，仍是着眼和落脚于建筑业的高质量发展。
这是行业的一场阻击战，多措并举谋双赢。
对于建筑业来说，当前最迫切的任务是“两手抓”。一手切实抓好疫情防控工作，必须按照地方政府和相关部门要求，高度重视复工后返岗员工的隔离观察工作以及办公场所和项目现场的疫情防控工作，确保职工群众生命安全和身体健康，也为全国疫情防控大局作贡献；一手全力以赴抓生产经营管理，全力推动在建项目有序复工，同时要更加深刻地认识到质量安全是建筑业企业的立身之本，要始终坚持安全第一、质量至上，切实加强自身管理，提高企业的科学管理水平和信息化水平，确保企业安全生产形势稳定，确保工程质量良好。
我们现在面对的是一场必须要打赢的阻击战。而要战胜疫情，要求建筑业全行业必须及时跟踪研判疫情的发展以及对行业和企业的具体影响。短期内，疫情对建筑业的影响，最显而易见的是在建工程的停工。专家将本次疫情对于在建工程的影响归纳为“三个因素、四个方面”。三个因素分别是停工或推迟复工、劳务工人缺乏、原材料等物资短缺。四个方面是有关“成本、进度、安全、质量”的具体影响：由于项目停工和推迟复工，导致有效工期严重不足，部分地区疫情较重，劳务工人组织受到影响，人员不足或流动加剧，对工程的工期造成极大压力，项目整体工期无法预期实现；在前期停工期间，人工、机械、脚手架等闲置，造成施工成本增加，在复工后，现场疫情的排查和消毒、医疗防护用具的购买、疑似感染人员的隔离和处置、政府管控措施或疫情本身导致的劳务和原材料物资紧缺等费用上涨，都会导致成本大幅增加；长时间停工对深基坑围护结构施工、基坑开挖、盾构施工以及大断面结构等施工组织不利，容易形成安全和质量隐患，复工后抢工赶工、夜间施工等，也可能造成安全和质量事故。
北京市中伦(上海)律师事务所合伙人周月萍表示，纵观各地的复工条件，主要是对组织管理（建立防控体系等）、人员防控（人员实名制等）、施工现场防控（封闭式管理等）、防疫物资准备（储备足量等）、现场安全管理、教育和培训交底6个方面做出了部署、提出了要求。她认为，如果将上述6个方面的部署要求做到位，特别是充分运用信息化、智慧化管理工具来提高疫情防控效率，有效记录落实防疫措施的各项行为，将有效降低风险、切实保障防控效果。她还用12字高度概括了其对建筑业企业复工风控的建议：落实要求、智慧管理、切勿瞒报。
如果说周月萍是从“硬件”上阐述策略，江苏省建筑工程管理局原副局长汪士和则重点提到了成本等“软件”问题。“硬件”上，相信建筑业企业能够迎难而上、攻克时艰，而“软件”上则需要政府的大力支持。关于工人防护的问题，汪士和建议可特事特办，一次性增加企业对施工人员（含管理人员）的安全劳动补贴，并纳入成本核算。同时，除人工成本，防疫费用中还要考虑健康环境的改善。关于建材价格上涨的问题，他认为定价部门和建筑业行业主管部门要对此有明确的指导意见。关于人工工资上涨和社会保障费不足的问题，他表示，复工后的“用工荒”是显而易见的，而到目前为止工程预算造价定额仍是建筑业企业取费的依据，因此最能为企业排忧解难的办法应该是实事求是地调整造价定额中的人工取费和社会保障费的收费标准，合理合法地为企业减轻负担。
“疫情之下，项目信息获取的难度必将加剧，建筑业企业围绕战略控制、资源配置、风险管控、专业服务等方面对项目的管控难度也将增加。”广联达科技股份有限公司总裁袁正刚表示。他认为，建筑业企业关键是要积极运用云计算、大数据、物联网、移动互联网、人工智能、虚拟技术等数字化技术，更多采取线上协调的方法组织生产，确保信息流和物流的“两流”畅通。首先是要确保“信息流”的畅通，要完善“协同业务管理系统”，实现项目、企业管理一体化；要通过运用bim（建筑信息模型）、物联网等技术，落实劳务实名制管理、视频监测、科学计划管理等。其次是要切实解决“物流”问题。由于疫情，完全消除对“物流”运转的不利影响是不实际的，但是在确保“信息流”及时高效的前提下，可以在很大程度上保证物料的准时进场，减小对工期的影响。企业一方面可通过完善供应链建立自己的“集中采购平台”，扩大对供应商的选择，另一方面可通过其他信息技术，实时掌握供方产品加工、运输等动态。如此这般，将能在与供应商充分有效的联动基础上切实保障“物流”的畅通。
上述举措无疑将在很大程度上保障这场阻击战的胜利，但因为疫情，履约困难将成为不争的事实。天津大学国际工程管理学院院长张水波一再强调，建筑业企业一定要及时就项目停工与现场防护等工作与项目业主保持密切且恰当的沟通，包括向业主发出不可抗力通知，并听取业主方面的意见和指令，且积极、合理地执行；针对项目停工带来的工期和费用损失，做好完整真实的记录，及时按照法律和合同的规定告知业主，并收集研究相关法律和政策，积极、合理地与业主开展相关索赔谈判，争取达成双赢的方案。
这是行业的一场持久战，内外兼修定乾坤。
面对艰难险阻，专家们一致认为最重要的是要坚定建筑业长期发展向好的信心，提振建筑业企业和千千万万建筑人的士气，做好打赢行业发展持久战的准备。
张水波认为，疫情将对建筑业至少在以下方面造成较为深刻的影响：一是将使建筑业更加重视hse（健康，安全和环境）管理；二是行业和企业将更加广泛地应用信息技术，极大地推动行业信息化、智慧化、数字化等方面的发展；三是将有效促进项目应急管理的实施，重大突发事件应急管理体系将更加完善，应对突发事件的能力也将得到极大的提升；四是将促使企业更加重视供应链管理，建立和完善更加科学的供应链管理体系，保证与分包商、供应商的同频共振、联动发力。
疫情对于建筑业企业hse管理水平的重大挑战是张水波和周月萍共同关注的、认为特别重要的问题。他们认为，在本次疫情中，建筑业正因其劳动力密集等行业特点，以及hse是行业管理短板等行业现状，被冲到了hse合规管理的风口浪尖上。张水波说，经此一“疫”，hse在项目管理的重要性认知将被提升到一个更高的水平，将有效促使hse管理体系在建筑业应用上更快更好地落地生根，降低行业事故发生率和严重度，使员工得到较好的保护，使企业和周边社区的稳定得到维护，减少事故处理、环境治理的开支。
应急管理部的专家一再表示，建筑业企业一定要将眼光放长远，不仅要严格控制疫情防控期间以及复工之后的企业安全生产形势，特别要坚决杜绝疫情过后因抢工期赶进度等导致的安全生产事故，更要保证安全生产警钟长鸣。当前和未来国家相关部门对安全生产死亡事故的处罚越加严格，事故调查中更多处以企业证照和个人资格方面的行政处罚，此外还有“黑名单”、事故通报等措施，都直接关系到企业的存亡发展。
防控疫情的同时，要兼顾生产经营和高质量发展，这仅靠建筑业企业自身必将势单力薄，积极有效且具有长远意义的外部支撑是十分必要的。专家表示，在疫情防控期间和疫情过后，对建筑业企业的理想外部支撑分为三个方面，分别是财政措施、公共项目投资和政府治理。在财政措施方面，建议国家相关部门和地方政府继续研究出台阶段性、针对性的减税降费措施，完善支持中小微企业的财税、金融、社保等政策，缓解企业经营困难。在项目投资方面，聚焦重点领域，优化地方政府专项债券投向，用好中央预算内投资，调动民间投资积极性，加快推动建设一批重大项目。在政府治理方面，一是要加强对建筑业企业疫情防护工作的指导，帮助企业科学有效地应对疫情防护；二是要加强执法监督，督促引导企业提升项目管理能力和施工水平，坚持安全第一、质量至上，从根本上提高自身核心竞争力，不仅将企业规模做大，还要做强。对此，专家提醒企业一定要未雨绸缪，及时加强研究和调配资源，抓住机遇，紧跟疫情后的新一轮发展趋势，真正做到化危机为机遇，实现企业发展新突破。
千淘万漉虽辛苦，吹尽狂沙始到金。这一场疫情防控的阻击战，过程必是艰难复杂的，但结果定是美好光明的。在此，引用张水波提到的“四心”：工作要细心、过程有耐心、胸中有良心、始终有信心，与广大建筑业同仁共勉。
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