融合国际先进标准 过程体系精益求精——精益建造“才良模式”与建筑工程品质保障的21项精准对标-7411威尼斯
发布时间:
2019-11-12
建筑业,事关民生福祉,直接影响着“让全体人民住有所居”的居住品质。它不仅是国民经济的支柱产业、推动新型城镇化高质量发展的主战场,更事关中国特色城市发展道路走向,重要性不言而喻。为此,国务院办公厅日前转发了住房和城乡建设部《关于完善质量保障体系提升建筑工程品质的指导意见》(以下简称《指导意见》)。
业界对此有何反响? 这对建筑业的转型升级能产生哪些实质性的作用? 国内有无可复制、可推广的现成经验模式?记者日前就这些问题采访了业界相关人士。
试点探路,精益导航
《指导意见》明确要求坚持以人民为中心,牢固树立新发展理念,以供给侧结构性改革为主线,以建筑工程质量问题为切入点,着力破除体制机制障碍,逐步完善质量保障体系,不断提高工程质量抽查符合率和群众满意度,进一步提升建筑工程品质总体水平。国务院发展研究中心综合研究室主任、研究员刘卫民对此表示, 《指导意见》从国家政策层面对建筑工程品质提出了更高的要求, 在具体措施方面指向性更加精准,但目前最关键的是还要寻找基层已有的先进的成功经验模式或借鉴国际先进经验, 采取试点先行的方式,强化示范引领,鼓励有条件的地区积极开展试点,形成可复制、可推广的经验。尤其是在创新探索先进建造方式方面,若无成功的经验模式,仅仅依靠政策驱动,工程质量的品质依然难以从根源上得到保障和提升。 这也是《指导意见》提出“创建建筑品质示范工程,加大对优秀企业、项目和个人的表彰力度”的关键所在。
示范基于品质,品质源自创新。南京工业大学经济与管理学院教授、《基于互联网—物联网的精益建造理论与实践研究》课题负责人苏振民表示,建造方式的转型升级是提升建筑工程品质的关键,也是建筑业供给侧结构性改革的重要方面。传统的建造过程存在浪费严重、环境污染大、粗放发展、无序竞争、利益冲突等现实问题,这些问题严重影响我国建筑工程品质总体水平的提升。精益建造是目前国际上公认的先进的建造方式,它是一种综合型生产管理理论, 面向建筑产品的全生命周期, 持续地减少和消除浪费,最大限度满足顾客要求的系统性方法。它促进工程建造过程从碎片化、粗放型向精益化、集成化过程转变, 提高了劳动生产效率。精益建造过程的本质是浪费最小化、价值最大化,要求建立全局观念,重构建筑产业价值链,包含价值管理、流程管理、计划体系的改变等方面,设计新的生产系统,实现对传统建造过程的全系统优化,以交付高品质、高质量、高满意度的中间可交付成果及整体产品。精益建造追求价值最大化、产品和工作质量的精益求精,它最显著的成果体现在对安全、质量和环境方面的改善,对促进建筑工程品质总体水平提高、实现可持续发展具有重要的意义。精益建造在国内也引起了业界的高度关注且在具体实践方面取得了突破性进展。由常州才良建筑科技有限公司(以下简称“才良公司”)总经理黄才良率领的研发团队探索的“精益建造”才良模式,通过九州花园58号楼的创新实践,已成功升级“2.0”应用版本,具备了大规模推广复制的条件,已被列入《江苏建造2025行动纲要》倡导的4种发展方式之首。
中外融通,价值重塑
创新,最忌闭门造车。这也是《指导意见》强调“组织开展重点领域国内外标准比对,提升标准水平。加强工程建设标准国际交流合作,推动一批中国标准向国际标准转化和推广应用”的关键所在。精益建造在国际上的最新发展态势如何?据不久前刚刚出席国际精益建造组织(iglc)年度会议的“才良精益建造研究中心”成员、南京工业大学经济与管理学院建设管理与房地产系副主任蒋黎晅介绍,精益建造实践涉及面非常广泛,既有综合性公司,也有专业性公司,在信息化、技术、质量、安全、文化等各个方面均有探索及应用。各国企业参与的积极性非常高,展示成果非常丰富。
据悉,截至目前,全球精益建造研究团队主要来自美国斯坦福大学、加州大学伯克利分校,德国慕尼黑工业大学,以及英国、丹麦、挪威、芬兰、爱尔兰、澳大利亚、巴西、印度、智利等38个国家。蒋黎晅在会上以《精益建造实践:文化、标准、信息化——一个来自中国的案例》为题,分享了精益建造在中国住宅领域惟一落地的才良模式案例,在38个国家与会代表中脱颖而出,得到精益建造3位创始人——howell、koskela、ballard的亲切约谈以及与多国代表的相互交流。其中,挪威及斯堪的纳维亚半岛最大的建筑和房地产开发公司veidekke,也对“才良模式”产生了浓厚兴趣。
在具体实践方面,与会代表对精益建造与bim(building information modeling,建筑信息模型)等技术的紧密结合十分重视。中国建筑标准设计研究院副总建筑师、bim总监,建筑智慧国际联盟(buildingsmart international)中国分部秘书长,国家标准《建筑工程设计信息模型交付标准》和行业标准《建筑工程设计信息模型制图标准》主编魏来对此表示,“才良模式”揭示了bim的本质,更准确地说,是对于bim价值的一种新发现或者是价值的一种提升、重塑。“才良模式”大力助推信息化、智能化以及智慧化发展与管理,以模块化、标准化、流程化为基础,保证业务数据的真实性、及时性,更加强调的是信息沟通当中的真实性和有效性问题。信息的真实性和有效性,往往会基于多种技术手段,比如说区块链、数字化、数据的共享机制、标准化等,都属于确保信息在沟通过程中的质量问题。这也是对《指导意见》中提出的“推进建筑信息模型(bim)、大数据、移动互联网、云计算、物联网、人工智能等技术在设计、施工、运营维护全过程的集成应用,推广工程建设数字化成果交付与应用,提升建筑业信息化水平”要求的创新落地。
精准对标,共享发展
对行业的发展来说,基层的创新实践固然重要,但也离不开国家层面的“政”能量,建筑业更是如此。精益建造“才良模式”研发团队核心成员、才良公司常务副总经理张锦华从背景、影响、路径、国际趋势、应用推广5个方面、21项,将《指导意见》同“才良模式”进行了精准对焦,为“才良模式”“2.0”版本的应用推广对促进我国建筑业转型升级的重要作用找到了国家层面的政策依据。苏振民对此表示,“才良模式”通过大量的研究和论证,在精耕细作的基础上,实施流程与价值的管理,将精益建造在中国落地,形成一整套符合中国国情和特色的精益建造生产与管理模式,逐步探索出了以工作分解结构(wbs)为基础框架的“才良模式”“2.0”版本。通过此版本,可以将精益建造“才良模式”进行复制,有效促进我国建筑业建造水平的提升,保障建筑产品的质量与安全,同时提高行业劳动生产率,提升项目干系人满意度,加快精益建造在我国的推广和应用。他同时从精益建造体现的工匠精神的文化内涵、绿色建筑标准化保障、强化各方的责任和促进协同合作、促进建设管理体制完善和创新、推动建设管理支撑体系的发展等方面对“才良模式”的对标优势进行了详细阐述。
实践是检验真理的惟一标准,也是创新模式的试金石。“才良模式”在常州九州花园58号楼项目上取得的成效十分突出:实际施工工期比传统施工方法缩短了98天,缩短比率为19.62%;实现质量零投诉、安全零事故;熟练工数量减少18.6%,劳动生产率提高5.6%;建造费用减低2.88%。这些详实的数据,无疑验证了精益建造及“才良模式”的显著成效。
创新发展,离不开共享精神。国家和时代如此,行业的发展更是如此。更何况,用最先进的管理方式和技术手段把自己毕生的经验技艺传承下去,造福后人和行业,是“中国好人”黄才良矢志不渝的初衷。近3年来,才良公司接待全国各地交流团队7000多人次。管理团队应邀到河北、内蒙古、山东、河南、浙江、吉林、湖北、上海等多省市进行交流,为中天建设集团有限公司、中国核工业华兴建设有限公司、中核华纬工程设计研究有限公司、北京建工集团有限公司以及诸多地方龙头企业开讲“才良模式”。在“才良模式”的影响下,多省市、多企业与才良公司合作,编制本企业精益建造标准手册或建立精益建造“才良模式”示范项目,均取得显著成效。如内蒙古兴泰建设集团有限公司在才良公司管理团队的指导与支持下,编制了本企业精益建造标准手册,并成功运用于呼和浩特市兴泰东河湾北区二期项目,其间策划了多个观摩会,在当地影响深远。山东凯泽集团有限公司在才良公司管理团队的指导与支持下,于东营市四季花城6号楼成功建立精益建造“才良模式”示范工程,观摩会吸引了当地所有房地产开发公司与同行,得到空前赞誉并将“才良模式”的标准工艺传输到当地;中国核工业华兴建设工程有限公司邀请才良公司管理团队,对山东省菏泽市政府片区安置房进行指导与支持。才良公司还与多家咨询、培训等企业合作,共同推进“才良模式”,如建立内蒙古才良建筑科技有限公司、河南才良建筑科技有限公司,与一砖一瓦教育科技有限公司合作等。
行业认同,务实推动
共享发展,离不开业界的认同和跟进。常州市武进区建筑业协会(以下简称“协会”)常务副会长陈群一表示,“才良模式”是黄才良48年始终坚持“为老百姓建‘良心房’、‘放心房’”从业经验的总结提炼,是针对住宅领域的变革与创新,交付“零投诉”高品质、高质量的住宅产品,真正体现了“以人民为中心”精益求精的大国工匠精神,是在实战中总结提炼出来的模式,是建筑业的正能量。以现场操作过程中的数据说话,是说真话、说实话;引进国外简单易学高效的wbs工具服务于我国项目管理,是做实事、做好事;倡导成本透明化的管理,是讲诚信、讲信用。这些正是行业不可缺少的技术与文化标杆,加之它的理论、系统、方法和工具与国际精益建造接轨,势必会在我国建筑业遍地开花结果,也会为我国建筑业企业“走出去”增强自信。黄才良是常州的骄傲,“才良模式”是我国本土诞生的创新模式,在推广应用上协会已经展开了一系列的具体措施:
一是由协会召集武进区表现较为突出的21家施工企业董事长、总经理及其他主要负责人,参观精益建造“才良模式”核心图表展厅,与才良团队进行面对面交流。
二是协会与才良团队一同逐家上门回访,了解以上企业回去后的具体举措与需求。
三是针对这些需求,由才良团队提供培训学习与现场指导,协会跟踪服务。
四是积极响应《江苏建造2025行动纲要》,在武进区建立精益建造“才良模式”示范项目,要求以上每个企业至少建立一个精益建造“才良模式”示范项目,协会予以表彰。通过以上企业带动武进区、常州市的施工企业,积极响应《江苏建造2025》行动纲要。
五是鼓励本地企业走出去,推动“才良模式”在各省市推广应用,为我国建筑业增加正能量,积极响应国家质量发展战略。
不忘初心,牢记使命,大力弘扬精益求精的企业家精神和工匠精神的“才良模式”,是企业的自主创新,更是对行业健康发展的超前引领,它在促进我国建筑业转型升级和保障建筑工程品质方面,必将大有可为。
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