建筑业转型升级加速，建筑工人如何变身“产业工人”待解-7411威尼斯
发布时间：
2019-10-14
新中国成立70年来，尤其是党的十八大以来，我国建筑业不断取得新进展，为推动住房和城乡建设事业跨越式发展、加速改变城乡面貌提供了有力支撑。建筑业蓬勃发展的背后始终离不开“人”，据统计，目前我国建筑业从业人员占全国就业人口的比重超过7%，为吸纳农村剩余劳动力、推动建筑业快速发展、加快城市化进程作出了巨大贡献。
尽管整体而言我国建筑业从业人员数量不菲，但其中存在的结构失衡、职业化不强等问题却不容忽视。多位长期研究建筑工人问题的业内专家一致认为：当前我国建筑工人“老龄化”趋势越来越明显，未来相关企业可能长期面临“用工难”问题。因此，无论对行业还是对企业而言，加快推进建筑工人职业化，打造一批高素质的建筑工人队伍都迫在眉睫。
建筑工人“老龄化”等问题形势严峻
国家统计局日前发布的新中国成立70周年经济社会发展成就报告显示，70年来，我国建筑业迅速发展，产值规模不断扩大。1956年总产值突破百亿元大关，1988年突破千亿元大关，2017年则突破了20万亿元大关。与此相对应的是建筑业从业人员的不断扩容，新中国成立初期，我国建筑业有组织的建筑职工不到20万人；2018年，全国建筑业企业年末从业人员达到5563万人，是新中国成立初期的278倍。
建筑业从业人员的数量随着行业规模的扩大实现了“井喷式”增长，但隐藏在其中的问题也日益显现。2012年和2018年，南通大学交通与土木工程学院工程管理系主任陈敏在对江苏省南通市建筑工人群体进行调查和分析后发现：2012年初中及以下学历的建筑工人占比82%，2018年则上升到88.4%；2012年，75.1%的建筑工人无职业资格证书，2018年略微下降至72%；在年龄上，2012年建筑工人的平均年龄为42.6岁，2018年则为46.7岁。
“目前，建筑工人群体广泛存在老龄化严重、流动性高、技能水平普遍偏低等问题。未来很长一段时间内，建筑业劳动力供给量预计会持续下降，行业可能会面临持续的、全局性的劳动力供给短缺问题，企业也将长期面临‘用工难’窘境。同时，到2025年45岁以上建筑工人占比预计将接近50%，建筑工人‘老龄化’现象在不断加剧。”陈敏在前不久于南通大学举行的“2019年江苏省工程管理年会暨第四届工程管理研究生学术论坛”上表示。
不止是学界高度关注建筑工人群体面临的突出问题，今年全国“两会”期间，全国人大代表、中国五冶集团有限公司董事长程并强表示，目前我国一线建筑工人普遍缺乏技能培训，初中及以下文化程度的建筑工人大量存在，且人员老龄化、用工短缺等问题突出，这与建筑业迈向智能化、机械化、自动化的发展趋势极不匹配，已无法满足建筑行业日新月异的发展需要。
对此，东南大学土木工程学院教授李启明建议，应加快推进建筑产业工人职业化进程，推动建筑工人从“农民工兄弟”变为高素质的“专业产业工人”。同时，还应加快研发和推广应用建造机器人，提升建筑业生产率和建造品质。
如何推进建筑工人职业化任重道远
事实上，在推动建筑工人职业化发展方面，国家早已开始发力。2017年2月出台的《国务院办公厅关于促进建筑业持续健康发展的意见》特别提出，要加快培养建筑人才和改革建筑用工制度。其中要求，到2020年，建筑业中级工技能水平以上的建筑工人数量达到300万，2025年进一步增长到1000万。同时，还要积极促进建筑业农民工向技术工人转型，对建筑工人进行实名制管理，翔实记录建筑工人的培训情况、职业技能、从业记录等。
长期以来，我国建筑工人队伍为何整体职业化程度偏低、素质不高？江苏省住房和城乡建设厅副巡视员章小刚分析认为，主要原因有：部分施工企业用工混乱，工人工作环境差、劳动强度高、流动性大，劳务企业管理较为粗放，建筑工人本身缺乏主动的职业化意识等。对此，他认为，可以从建筑用工改革、职业能力提升和权益保障与改善等方面着手解决。
“在建筑用工改革方面，应重点培育专业作业企业。同时，要加大对专业作业企业的政策扶持力度，落实专业作业企业在增值税、行政事业性收费、政府性基金等方面的减免政策，对不裁员或少裁员的员工制企业按规定返还失业保险费，并为符合条件的企业员工提供免费岗前培训和‘回炉’培训。在提升建筑工人能力和权益保障方面，应发挥企业主体作用，强化建筑工人在职培训，加强对建筑工人进行安全、法制、诚信教育。同时，要促进建筑用工规范化，探索建立适合建筑业特点的社会保险和个税缴纳机制，积极为建筑工人营造体面的就业环境和生活环境。另外，还要树立‘技高者多得、多劳者多得、绩优者多得’的鲜明导向，提高技术工人工资待遇。”章小刚表示。
“只有建筑工人的技术水平提升了，建筑业的生产效率才能提升，建筑业才能赢得持续稳定的发展。”江苏省建筑工程管理局原副局长汪士和认为，在建筑工人的工资问题上，不能不分技能高低“一刀切”发放，应把工资分配向关键技能岗位倾斜。“干好干坏一个样，培养不出高素质建筑工人。”
在培育职业化建筑工人方面，中铁四局集团总经理王传霖建议，应搭建“校企合作、工企对接、政企互动”的三方合作模式，加大劳务输出地政府部门的财政支持，比如建立建筑产业工人人才库，发展以中高级技工为主的技工队伍，推动培训证书省际互认、行业互认等，让接受职业教育的建筑技术人员成为推动行业发展的主流。
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