中国建筑业协会副秘书长景万：培育核心竞争力，助力建筑业企业实现可持续发展-7411威尼斯
发布时间：
2019-08-19
建筑业一直是我国国民经济的支柱产业，之所以这样说，主要因为4个方面：一、建筑业在改善我国城乡环境面貌，提高人民群众的出行、居住质量，增强国防建设水平实力等方面起到了积极的推动作用。二、我国建筑业总产值由1980年的4608亿元，增加到2018年的23.5万亿元，增长了51倍，规模在不断扩大。三、建筑业带动了建材、冶金、有色、化工、轻工、电子、森工、运输等50多个相关产业的发展。四、2018年全社会就业人员总数77586万人，其中建筑业从业人数5563.3万人，占全社会就业人员总数的7.17%。解决了相当数量人的就业问题。
建筑业一直是我国国民经济的支柱产业，之所以这样说，主要因为4个方面：一、建筑业在改善我国城乡环境面貌，提高人民群众的出行、居住质量，增强国防建设水平实力等方面起到了积极的推动作用。二、我国建筑业总产值由1980年的4608亿元，增加到2018年的23.5万亿元，增长了51倍，规模在不断扩大。三、建筑业带动了建材、冶金、有色、化工、轻工、电子、森工、运输等50多个相关产业的发展。四、2018年全社会就业人员总数77586万人，其中建筑业从业人数5563.3万人，占全社会就业人员总数的7.17%。解决了相当数量人的就业问题。
虽是支柱产业，但建筑业也有不少突出问题急需解决 一是大而不强、细而不专。2018年底，我国共有建筑业企业95400个，实现利润总额8104亿元，产值利润率为3.45%。同期，规模以上工业企业主营业务收入利润率为6.49%，建筑业产值利润比低于其他行业近1倍。
二是工程建设组织方式落后，企业核心竞争力不强。主要表现在：工程建造过程机械化程度不高；精细化、标准化管理程度较低；总承包工程项目数量少，建设单位随意分包工程现象较普遍等。
三是建筑设计水平有待提高。城市规划前瞻性、严肃性、强制性和公开性不够，城市建筑贪大、媚洋、求怪等乱象丛生，特色缺失，文化传承堪忧；城市建设盲目追求规模扩张，节约集约程度不高。
四是工人技能素质偏低。多数一线操作工人没有经过系统培训，缺乏基本劳动技能和专业知识，法律意识、质量安全意识淡化，致使劳动效率相对比较低。另外，没有建立工人劳动技能与收入挂钩的工资机制，工人缺乏参与培训的内在动力。
五是监管体制机制不健全、市场违法违规行为较多。市场监管与诚信一体化体系还没有完全建立，企业、人员、项目、信用、信息交互等信息平台建设有待完善，信息化、差别化监管体系还没有完善。
六是安全事故时有发生。2018年，全国共发生房屋市政工程生产安全事故734起、死亡840人，与上年相比，事故数增加42起。今年4月25日，河北省衡水市桃城区翡翠华庭工程发生施工升降机坠落事故，造成11人死亡、1人重伤、1人轻伤，人员伤亡重大，社会影响恶劣，教训极其惨痛。
为促进建筑业持续健康发展，2017年2月国务院办公厅印发了《关于促进建筑业持续健康发展的意见》（国办发〔2017〕19号），系统梳理、全面总结了我国建筑业的发展现状，存在的主要问题，提出了七个方面、二十条具体举措，被公认为是未来一段时间指导建筑业持续健康发展的纲领性文件。
从建筑业企业角度来看，要想获得较快发展，需要重点抓住两大机遇：一是行业发展机遇。我国建筑业经过30多年的高速发展，人民群众的居住质量、城乡环境面貌、市政基础设施、工农业基础设施得到了根本性改善，公路、铁路、航空、港口码头立体交通网络基本形成。但随着经济社会的不断发展，人民对美好生活需求的不断变化，原来一些不合理的规划、区域发展的不平衡等方面的矛盾逐步凸显出来，为建筑业提供了新的发展机遇。二是当前的一些社会热点，比如“一带一路”建设，京津冀协同发展战略，雄安新区建设等。
有机遇就有挑战，目前建筑业企业面临的挑战：一是企业股权结构不尽合理，现代企业制度仍不够完善，部分企业尚未形成有效的法人治理结构，权责不清、约束不够、缺乏制衡等问题较为突出，一些董事会形同虚设，未能发挥应有作用。
二是ppp（政府和社会资本合作）模式风险防控机制不够健全。ppp对大型施工企业而言是实现转型升级的一种方式，以投资拉动施工，是企业生存发展的战略选择。但对风险分析、规划、设计、施工、运行维护各环节的把控能力，直接影响企业ppp项目的投资效益。
三是市场环境发生重大变化。建筑市场从之前关系竞争为主转变为企业信用、施工管理能力、质量安全管理水平、履约能力、服务水平等综合实力的竞争。
四是建造方式改变成必然。相对于现浇建筑体系，装配式建造方式节约资源，减少污染，提高劳动生产率，对保证工程质量安全、促进标准化、信息化、工业化建造方式的深度融合具有积极作用，能有效缓解劳动力供需矛盾、化解产能、促进建筑业转型升级。
五是建筑产业现代化时代来临。新形势下，要用现代工业化的大规模生产方式代替传统的手工业生产方式来建造建筑产品。包括：建造过程精益化、全产业链集成化、项目管理国际化、管理高管职业化和产业工人技能化。
六是建造技术与信息化深度融合加速。包括新型建造、材料设备、机械、管理和信息技术，以及这些技术的集成。
七是营业税改增值税倒逼管理创新。2016年5月起，建筑业、房地产业、金融业等由原来营业税改为增值税。部分企业认为提高了建筑业企业的赋税，但也有部分企业反映赋税在降低。从长远来讲，随着企业管理水平的不断提升、业务流程的逐步优化、上下游企业提供票据的合规性的提高，企业的赋税应该可以降低，这就要求建筑业企业必须强化内部流程管理。
八是履行社会责任必不可少。社会责任是一个组织用透明、合乎道德规范的行为，对它的决策或者活动对社会和环境产生的影响负责。建筑业企业的社会责任主要包括：工程质量、关注员工、引领行业进步、诚信经营、依法纳税、积极公益、节能环保等。
九是强化质量意识、不断提升工程建造质量水平。《中共中央国务院关于开展质量提升行动的指导意见》指出，坚持以企业为质量提升主体。加强全面质量管理，推广应用先进质量管理方法，提高全员全过程全方位质量控制水平。这就需要弘扬企业家精神和工匠精神，提高决策者、经营者、管理者、生产者质量意识和质量素养，打造质量标杆企业，加强品牌建设，推动企业质量管理水平和核心竞争力提高。
具体到实践层面，是否拥有核心竞争力是建筑业企业能否实现可持续发展的关键。拥有核心竞争力的企业主要表现为成本控制水平高、创造客户价值能力强。因此需要实现建筑业企业核心竞争力的动态研究，并准确找到形成建筑业企业核心竞争力的关键资源和关键能力。
具体行动上，建筑业企业应以工程质量和服务为核心，不断提高企业的社会形象和管理水平，建立诚信和服务意识，大力推进品牌建设，逐步提升建筑业企业的引领度、知名度、美誉度、信任度，为企业可持续发展奠定坚实的基础。此外，建筑施工企业在长期的生产经营活动过程中，需要明确战略定位和长远发展方向、重视研发和科技创新、优化资源配置和发展协同运作、强化战略风险管控能力建设、突出品牌建设和实现品牌价值。
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