建设工程造价数据的积累与应用 ——让基础数据生根、让成果数据说话-7411威尼斯
发布时间：
2019-08-07
我国每年投入到基础设施建设的资金都在几十万亿元，伴随着巨量投资产生了海量的结构化与非结构化工程造价相关数据，经初步测算，历史遗留数据规模约200tb~300tb，每年新增项目数据（含原始数据、加工后结果数据及项目相关信息）150tb左右。如何将这些海量的数据进行积累和应用是行业应该思考的问题，本文仅就建设工程造价领域存在的几个问题，谈一下数据的积累和应用。
解决定额含量不准确的问题 让定额有根
目前，不管是全统定额还是地方定额，在人、材、机含量方面和施工现场的实际发生量存在较大差异。面对各方质疑，造价管理部门拿不出有说服力的理由。造成这种问题的原因，主要是目前定额的编制方法都是由造价方面的专家凭借其个人经验，在原有定额基础上给出一定的系数测算得出的，所以与现实情况必然存在较大的差距；另外，各级造价管理机构基本上都是5年修订一次定额，由于修订周期比较长，时效性上自然滞后。
当前，建设工程项目的构成越来越复杂，新型建筑材料、施工工艺层出不穷，各类建设工程各分部分项完全由造价管理机构来测算定额含量显然不现实，而且现在的造价管理机构人员、资金方面也不足以支撑定额的现场测算。因此要改变思路，让定额从市场中来，再回到市场中去，具体做法是通过信息化的技术手段收集各种类型的建筑工程造价数据，这些数据代表了企业在建造过程实际消耗的情况或者是消耗的预期。我们利用这些数据进行加工汇总生成某种类型的定额，这样定额含量就有了数据基础，能够生根，经得住各种质疑。
让人材机的价格信息更准确 让市场信息价生根
目前各地建设工程造价管理机构发布的建设工程人材机市场价格信息，基本上是造价管理机构通过信息员主动采集和市场材料生产单位或经销商上报两种方式获取，这种采集方式本身存在着硬伤，组成建设工程造价的材料价是材料的预算价，是包含了材料的采购、保管、运输费用的价格（预算价格=采购价格 采购、保管、运输费 利润）,现行的询价方式获得的只是材料的销售价格，价格本身存在着计算口径的问题。同时，受制于相应人员的数量及信息源的局限性和片面性，致使发布的价格信息不准确、不全面，和市场实际需求差别较大。
其实，材料的价格本身产生于甲乙双方的交易过程，价格信息存在于相应的建设工程造价数据文件中，利用信息化技术手段，将收集起来的建设工程的造价数据成果文件进行解析，分析出其中的材料价格，造价成果文件中的材料价格代表了相关企业认可的材料价格，以这个价格信息作为测算的基础，这样产生的材料价格信息就是有根的、可追溯的，也能充分体现材料预算价的市场水平，实现从“价格形成市场”到“市场形成价格”的转变。
用造价指标指导工程计价和工程审计
建设行业的宏观管理、审计部门的审计结算、建设单位控制投资、施工单位测算成本，都迫切需要各类建设工程的造价指标，当然在工程建设的不同阶段所需要指标的粗细程度不同，包括估算指标、概算指标、预算指标。不同的业务需求所需要的指标类型不同，包括经济指标。主要工程量指标、人材机价格指标；现在建设工程造价管理机构编制工程造价指标基本上是“典型工程法”，就是选择有代表性的工程项目，以这个工程的造价数据为分析对象，计算它的单项工程的造价指标、各单位工程的造价指标等。在以前没有计算机技术或计算机技术尚未成熟的情况下，英国的rcis（英国皇家特许测量师学会）也曾采用这样的做法。
这种指标加工计算办法本身存在着样本数据选择的随机性（能否代表这一类建筑工程），同时要求这个工程的造价数据要全面。事实上，从目前国家建设工程造价监测平台收集的数据来看，很多建设工程造价数据是不全的，这导致大量的工程造价数据得不到使用。其实，在大数据面前，所有的数据都是可用的，局部的数据也是可用的数据，利用计算机技术，可以先将细颗粒数据（自行划分）聚合，再汇总生成整个工程的造价指标，这在计算机技术方面就是一个算法的问题（因为计算机可以对数据进行不同维度的加工汇总），而且计算机可以画出数据的正态分布曲线，找到有代表性的工程造价数据，算出能够真正代表这类工程的建设工程造价指标。
应用造价数据做相关性分析
合格的工程背后一定有一个合理的报价作为支撑，建筑施工安全一定要以相应的措施作为保障，国家一再强调安全文明措施费的重要性，要求建设单位一定要足额支付，但是对于这笔费用是否专款专用，并没有好的监控办法。如果工程造价合理，这部分费用就有保障；如果工程造价不合理，这部分费用就很难保障。从这个层面上讲，工程造价与施工安全是存在着很强的相关性的，到底工程造价与建筑施工安全的相关性如何？把海量的工程造价数据和施工安全信息数据放在一起进行相关性分析，就可以得出两者相关性的分析曲线；同理也可以分析出工程造价与工程质量、工程造价与市场的相关性。有了这些分析结果，就可以让建设工程造价为建筑施工的质量、安全保障，市场的规范管理发挥作用；同时也能明确工程造价在整个建筑行业的作用，让从事工程造价工作的人员增强责任感和自豪感。
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