最高法出台司法解释——明确建设工程施工合同效力认定-7411威尼斯
发布时间：
2019-01-11
最高法院3日发布《关于审理建设工程施工合同纠纷案件适用法律问题的解释（二）》，将于2019年2月1日起施行。该司法解释就建设工程施工合同效力、建设工程价款结算、建设工程鉴定、建设工程价款优先受偿权和实际施工人权利保护等问题作出了规定。
目前，我国正在开展工程建设项目审批制度改革试点工作，加快推进工程总承包模式，在基础设施和公共服务领域推进政府与社会资本合作。最高法院民一庭负责人介绍，制定该司法解释是适应建筑业投资经营方式和监管政策变化的客观需要，也是应对建设工程施工纠纷案件司法审判面临挑战的客观要求。2017年，全国法院审理一审建设工程施工合同纠纷案件10.29万件。2018年，全国法院审理一审建设工程施工合同纠纷案件11.32万件。
据了解，建设工程施工合同履行期间长，影响因素多，涉及的管理性规定多，实践中违法建筑、明招暗定、“黑白合同”、非法转包、违法分包等问题突出。
关于建设工程施工合同无效损失赔偿数额的认定，当事人往往很难证明实际损失的具体数额，导致其难以获得权利救济。在实际损失难以确定的情况下，司法解释规定当事人可以请求参照合同约定的质量标准、建设工期、工程价款的支付时间等内容确定损失大小。
在保护农民工等建筑工人合法利益方面，司法解释未将建设工程施工合同有效作为承包人行使建设工程价款优先受偿权的条件，并对承包人处分建设工程价款优先受偿权作了限制，规定发包人与承包人约定放弃或者限制建设工程价款优先受偿权，不得损害建筑工人利益。同时，规定实际施工人有权对发包人提起代位权诉讼，以期进一步加强对农民工等建筑工人权益的保护。
司法解释进一步促进了建筑业健康发展，保护民营建筑企业权益。有的发包人拖延支付建设工程价款，承包人起诉请求发包人支付建设工程价款后，发包人又以质量不符合约定等为由，企图继续拖欠工程价款。对此，司法解释规定，在此情况下，发包人就承包人支付违约金或者赔偿修理、返工、改建的合理费用等损失提出反诉的，人民法院可以合并审理。换言之，发包人仅提出抗辩、未提出反诉的，人民法院不应支持，应告知其提出反诉或者另诉解决，以保障承包人及时获得建设工程价款。
建设工程价款优先受偿权对保护建筑施工企业意义重大。在司法实践中，对承包人的利润是否可优先受偿的问题存在争议。为了建筑行业的长远发展，保护建筑企业的利益，司法解释规定将承包人的利润纳入优先受偿范围。
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